Haydn in Public and Private Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Haydn in Public and Private - Essay Example The crowd were very liberal with their acclaim and consistently when Haydn performs, they got him with adulation. Haydn's string groups of four were made around 1797 and was committed to Hungarian Count Joseph. The six groups of four are the last total set which Haydn made. These groups of four are among Haydns profoundly aggressive chamber works, veering more than earlier groups of four from expected sonata structure, however stressing topical progression, flawlessly just as consistently passing thought processes from a specific instrument to another (Wright, 26-29). During his visit to London, he delighted in his neighborhood big name, the turnout at his show, the repetitive supper solicitations, and great show receipts. Among the works he performed at shows during his visit to London, were 12 new orchestras, this was the last one Haydn composed. It additionally incorporated the generally known Symphony NO.94 in G Major. This picked up popularity when the writer, while leading, adjusted the elements of the subsequent development. There were theories behind the change. This is because of the truth that, Haydn had recently given the downbeat to begin development when the delicate of his music had a comical inclination. This was enormous being that his performers fashioned with the little topic until arriving at his last harmony, whereby Haydn created music with noisy tone carrying the tired benefactor to his feet. Following his melodic and beautiful exhibition at each show, the four development orchestra follows a structure that was, at that point, despite everything thinking about novel: everything started with an exuberant development that offers a few remarkable and differentiating tunes, the second continues at a delicate pace, and the third was move seasoned. This takes after the well known minuet. The last development was astonishing carrying the music to its peak went with lively end. Fundamentally, every show was given and gone to on edge trusts, the principal melodic virtuoso during that rule was

Compare And Contrast Two Poems Essay Example For Students

Thoroughly analyze Two Poems Essay The likenesses and contrasts between Song, from the Songs and Sonnets assortment, and Holy Sonnet VI are inspected in this article. I will thoroughly analyze these sonnets by investigating their subjects, settings, topics, expressive highlights, and tone. By investigating these two sonnets, I hope to locate the significant similitudes and contrasts between the verse John Donne composed as a youngster and the verse he composed as a more established man of honor. The subject of Song is John Donne telling his sweetheart that he is going on an excursion. He clarifies in the initial two lines that he is leaving since he should leave for some time, and not on the grounds that he has gotten exhausted with his darling. He proceeds with the point by advising her in the last section to simply envision they have nodded off together, on the grounds that before she understands it, he will be back. Keeping in touch with his sweetheart, the theme John Donne decided to expound on in this sonnet, is a common and repeating subject in his initial verse. The subject of Holy Sonnet VI is a petition to God requesting that he excuse him. He states in line 12 that he doesn need God to pass judgment on him by his prior, physical sins yet to take a gander at him as the Christian he is endeavoring to turn into. This subject is additionally utilized by John Donne in his later sonnets, when he is attempting to make up for the physical sins he submitted as a youngster. John Donne has picked an alternate subject in the two sonnets due to the crowd he composed the sonnets to; Song is intended for his darling and Holy Sonnet VI is composed legitimately to God. John Donne s subjects differentiate significantly between these two sonnets. The setting of Song is hard to decide. I would expect that since the sonnet is half of a discussion, it is occurring some place where John Donne and his sweetheart can have some security and can talk. It could be John Donne s individual rooms, for instance. John Donne is forgetting about the other portion of the discussion, what his sweetheart says to him, between the refrains. I can bolster this since John Donne s stanzas are countering explanations that his darling has said or done. For instance, after the third refrain, his sweetheart has begun crying during the verse break. John Donne at that point requests that her not cry in the fourth refrain. I imagine that John Donne is as yet a youngster right now, as a result of the timeframe (c. 1591), the request for occasions encompassing his life, and subject of this sonnet. The voice of the sonnet is John Donne by and by, which is a typical component of powerful verse. The setting of Holy Sonnet VI is conceivably a congregation where John Donne can go to God without being upset, on the grounds that the tone and subject of this sonnet fit such a setting. He has likewise picked an individual voice for this sonnet. Notwithstanding, I don't accept the setting is imperative to comprehend this sonnet totally on the grounds that it is only an individual message from him to God, autonomous of its environmental factors. He is most likely a more established man now, on account of the adjustment in point, from a darling to God, and timeframe (c. 1615) when he has composed this sonnet. Individual voice is a piece of the setting since it clarifies who is talking in the sonnet. I imagine that the setting of these two sonnets is strikingly unique, with the exception of the individual voice of John Donne showed in the two sonnets. In the sonnet Song John Donne is expressing that two darlings shouldn be dismal when the couple must be separated for while. He wishes his sweetheart not to make a passionate scene at their division in refrain four, and to anticipate their next gathering in verse five. The subject he is working with here is the possibility that division is just transitory and ought to be seen as a passing stage. John Donne s Holy Sonnet VI clarifies that God should, as he would see it, judge the soul of individuals and not judge them by their physical sins. He communicates that individuals can't help their physical sins in line 11, on the grounds that the enticements are excessively incredible. .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48 , .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48 .postImageUrl , .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48 , .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48:hover , .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48:visited , .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48:active { border:0!important; } .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48:active , .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uf8248daaca63 73cd85ad9c1303815a48 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uf8248daaca6373cd85ad9c1303815a48:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Mary Warren changes all through the play EssayHe additionally writes in line 7 that if God passes judgment on his soul, he has no dread of death since his soul is unadulterated and heavenly. The general subject here is that the condition of the spirit is a higher priority than past physical sins. The topics are again unique, however by taking a gander at them both independently one can see that they are both otherworldly subjects. He is requesting that the peruser see run of the mill subjects of affection and God from another perspective in Holy Sonnet VI for instance, he is requesting that God change the manner in which he is making a decision about individuals! Despite the fact that the subjects themselves are unique, the two topics can be depicted as being mystical. In the sonnet Song John Donne opens the main line in a conversational way, composing the whole sonnet as one account grouping. He composes the sonnet as half of a discussion with his discourse responding to the inquiries of his darling. In the second refrain he utilizes symbolism to contrast himself with the sun. He at that point offers the peruser an allegory in the initial two lines of this verse: he analyzes the arrival of the sun regularly to the sky with his own steadfast come back to his sweetheart. In the fourth line he utilizes a metaphor when he overstates by pronouncing that even the sun doesn t have as great motivation to leave her as he does. In the third line of the fourth stanza John Donne utilizes a run of the mill otherworldly component, a division or mystery, when he composes heartlessly kinde.. These two words unmistakably negate each other on the grounds that one can't truly be benevolent in an unpleasant manner. Be that as it may, with regards to the sonnet they bode well and show how John Donne feels about his darling s crying he doesn t need her to sob at their partition (horrible), however is still marginally contacted by her actual tears (kind). In the following line he utilizes an image by expressing that his blood doth rot.. One can comprehend the blood to identify with his heart, a typical image of affection. John Donne utilizes a typical rhyme plan of ababcddc all through the five verses, implying that it is every one of the one thought connected together. Additionally, the steady rhyme conspire is commonsense in light of the fact that the sonnet is implied as a melody, which is clear when one ganders at the title, Song. It will be increasingly sweet and simpler to sing with such a rhyme conspire. John Donne utilizes allegories in Holy Sonnet VI. He starts the sonnet by contrasting his existence with a consummation play, which he implies as the finish of his profound excursion. In the second line he thinks about his life to a journey, which is the finish of his physical excursion. He proceeds with this representation in the third line by contrasting his existence with a running race, which shows his last excursion: his spirit climbing to God. In the 6th line, Mr. Donne utilizes an image by composing rest.. He utilizes rest to mean passing, again proceeding with his illustration of physical endings to his life. In the seventh and eight lines John Donne utilizes another division, when he first expresses that he isn't frightened of God, and afterward negates it by saying shakes my each .. At last, in the twelfth line, John Donne utilizes a similitude to clarify demise as an arrival to the ground, a last correlation with physical passing. He utilizes a rhyme plan of abba cdcd ee in this sonnet, and just a single refrain. This is on the grounds that the sonnet is a Petrarchan Sonnet. This sort of work is extremely normal in his time. He utilizes the initial eight lines to depict the setting of the piece, and the last six lines to clarify the subject. Additionally, the initial two quatrains of the poem have indistinguishable rhyme plans (abba) and the piece closes with a rhyming couplet (ee). At last, John Donne utilizes a colon to isolate the setting from the subject after line eight, and parts of the bargains a period after line fourteen. .u3fb7e5d5ea3dfbca2cc67f12de5dbae2 , .u3fb7e5d5ea3dfbca2cc67f12de5dbae2 .postImageUrl , .u3fb7e5d5ea3dfbca2cc67f12de5dbae2 .focused content zone { min-hei

Accounts Sba Essay Example for Free

Records Sba Essay The point of my undertaking is for me to show up at a far reaching comprehension of the money related area of the business world. To draw up the money related records for the year 2009 for Jen’s Supermarket and to remark on the entity’s execution utilizing proper apparatuses of Analysis Description and Overview Jen’s Supermarket is a created and reenacted substance claimed by Jenevonne Kirton, who is the sole owner. Jen’s Supermarket is a created store which sells an assortment of food things and various products, serving the vast majority of the island in its helpful area. The general store utilize fifteen staff alongside Ms. The capital at starting was 202800 while at end it was 208165 which demonstrated an expansion by 5365 toward the month's end. Proposals/Recommendations Current Ratio It is suggested that Jen’s Supermarket 1. Utilizations the abundance cash to grow the business by opening another store. 2. Acquaint new item with the business and buy new gear. Net Profit It is recommended that Jen’s Supermarket should 1. Source less expensive providers to encourage the interest of products so productivity would be more noteworthy toward the month's end. 2. Offer new advancements consistently and offer the clients wagers at an opportunity to win prizes toward the year's end. These are given to help Jen’s Supermarket increment net benefit and deals. End It is certain that Jen’s Supermarket saves satisfactory records for the business to exhibit the benefit over the monetary period for the month. It could in any case, increment the present proportion and gross benefit by fusing the proposals/suggestions laid out. By the by Jen’s Supermarket made a decent net benefit for the long stretch of December in 2009. Generally dependent on the presentation of the business Jen’s Supermarket had the option to make a benefit of 6365 regardless of the low deals of 104 850.

ALS essays

ALS expositions Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), otherwise called Motor Neuron Disease (MND), Mal Charcot, or Lou Gehrigs Disease, is a hazardous neurodegenerative infection. ALS causes the dynamic loss of sensory system control of willful muscle frameworks by separating of engine neurons in the nerve cells in the mind and spinal center. It influences one in each 100,000 individuals, a bigger number of men than lady, and indications dont for the most part create until victims are in their fifties. The manifestations of ALS incorporate muscle shortcoming, decline in muscle coordination and mass, loss of tissue because of an absence of anxious incitement, conceivable loss of motion, muscle cramps, voice disability like raspiness, slow or strange discourse, trouble gulping and breathing, urinary direness, leg lower leg and feet expanding. Moreover, the nerves controlling muscles in which use is lost, contract and vanish. This illness has a continuous beginning that logically declines til' the very end, which for the most part happens inside three to five years. There are three sorts of ALS. At times it is realized that individuals acquire ALS, yet frequently there are inconsistent or non-acquired cases as well. The third kind is Guamanian, in light of the fact that there are such a large number of cases in Guam. About 30,000 individuals presently have the malady, and 95 percent of them are thought to have the irregular structure. As of late they have distinguished hereditary changes that seem to cause the greater part or these cases. The recently distinguished transformations include a protein called EAAT2 where a portion of the futile introns that should be removed of the DNA, are kept, while exons are disposed of. This produces blemished RNA that prompts a damaged EAAT2 protein or no protein by any stretch of the imagination. EAAT2, ordinarily deactivates and reuses glutamate, a substance certain n erve cells use to send messages to one another. Johns Hopkins specialists have recently indicated that numerous ALS patients have almost no EAAT2 in specific territories of ... <! ALS papers Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), otherwise called Motor Neuron Disease (MND), Mal Charcot, or Lou Gehrigs Disease, is a hazardous neurodegenerative ailment. ALS causes the dynamic loss of sensory system control of willful muscle frameworks by separating of engine neurons in the nerve cells in the mind and spinal center. It influences one in each 100,000 individuals, a greater number of men than lady, and side effects dont generally create until victims are in their fifties. The side effects of ALS incorporate muscle shortcoming, decline in muscle coordination and mass, loss of tissue because of an absence of anxious incitement, conceivable loss of motion, muscle cramps, voice weakness like roughness, slow or strange discourse, trouble gulping and breathing, urinary earnestness, leg lower leg and feet expanding. Also, the nerves controlling muscles in which use is lost, recoil and vanish. This illness has a slow beginning that continuously intensifies til' the very end, which as a rule happens inside three to five years. There are three sorts of ALS. At times it is realized that individuals acquire ALS, however regularly there are irregular or non-acquired cases as well. The third kind is Guamanian, in light of the fact that there are such a large number of cases in Guam. About 30,000 individuals right now have the illness, and 95 percent of them are thought to have the irregular structure. As of late they have recognized hereditary changes that seem to cause the greater part or these cases. The recently recognized changes include a protein called EAAT2 where a portion of the pointless introns that should be removed of the DNA, are kept, while exons are disposed of. This produces flawed RNA that prompts an inadequate EAAT2 protein or no protein by any means. EAAT2, typically deactivates and reuses glutamate, a substance certain nerve cells use to send messages to one another. Johns Hopkins specialists have recently indicated that numerous ALS patients have practically zero EAAT2 in specific territories of ... <!

Training Needs Assessment Paper Free Essays

Preparing Needs Assessment for Chicago Transit Authority By Tammi Adams Table of Contents Executive Summary___________________________________________________ 3 Background of CTA___________________________________________________ 4 Needs Assessment Design, Implementation and Analysis_____________________5 Recommended Training Strategy and Design______________________________6 Cost/Benefit Analysis__________________________________________________ 8 Training Evaluation Plan_______________________________________________9 References___________________________________________________________10 Official Summary We here at CTA are focused on offering quality and safe assistance to our clients which is the reason we are submitted in ensuring that every single qualified individual are prepared to the best quality. This preparation needs appraisal is centered around the transport administrators of the CTA since they are the open essence of the office. Before any preparation can start people need to experience arrangement of test to check whether an individual is qualified. We will compose a custom article test on Preparing Needs Assessment Paper or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now When an individual is qualified and recruited they will begin a multi week instructional course with qualified CTA teachers. This multi week instructional course will comprise of study hall work and out and about methods. When the preparation has finished the learner will take a 100 inquiry test to perceive the amount they have adapted however out the instructional class. So as to the effectively pass the instructional class the learner should go at any rate 80% of the test. On the off chance that a learner has neglected to breeze through the test they will be given another opportunity, yet on the off chance that they flop once more, potential work at CTA will be ended. After a student has effectively passed the instructional class they will be known as an expert transport administrator and will begin dealing with their own. When the transport administrator begins working an educator will come out aimlessly to watch them to check whether all principles and methodology are being followed. CTA has concluded that like clockwork all transport administrators should take a recertification class to invigorate their aptitudes and learn new ones. Foundation of CTA The CTA is the nation’s second biggest open transportation framework which covers the City of Chicago and 40 of its encompassing rural areas. The CTA is given by their modes which are the transport and rail administration while the transport administration is the open substance of the office. On a normal CTA gives more than 1. 4 million rides which represents 80% of all taken in the six district Chicago metropolitan area. CTA works 24 hours every day on a normal weekday. It has roughly 1,800 transports which works 140 courses. Transports give around one million traveler trips a day and serve in excess of 12,000 posted bus stations. The Chicago Tr ansit Authority’s 1,190 train vehicles works eight courses, its trains give around 650,000 client trips every day and serve 144 stations in Chicago. CTA’s mission is to convey quality, reasonable travel benefits that interface, suburbanites, employments, and networks. CTA has numerous qualities yet the most significant one is furnishing travel administration with the best expectations of value and wellbeing for our clients. Another worth is that they center around taking care of business and will get individual fulfillment from the administration they give. With this being said while offering quality support it is significant that CTA has committed and handily prepared representatives. It is significant for the representatives to know about all strategies so they can offer support with exclusive requirements. The particular situation at CTA I will talk about is the situation of Bus Operators. At CTA, transport administrators are the essence of the organization which is the reason it is significant for them to guarantee CTA’s objective of offering quality and safe assistance to its clients. Transport administrators are the ones who work transport transportation over a course clinging to a timetable in a safe productive and amiable way to permit travelers to load up movement and land at booked stops. Needs Assessment Design, Implementation and Analysis At CTA wellbeing is its number 1 need, with this being said preparing unquestionably underpins the organization vital course. It is significant that everybody who works a transport realizes how to work it securely, know the standards of the street, what to do if there should arise an occurrence of a mishap and knows all of CTA methods. With the best possible preparing CTA can diminish the quantity of mishaps it has had consistently and offer its clients the best travel administration. CTA has concluded that all preparation will be done in-house and that all preparation be led by CTA guaranteed Instructors. All teachers are previous CTA transport administrators who have been transport administrators for more than 10 years and have a perfect driving record. The obligations of a transport administrator are exploring the transport through a relegated course, deals with the assortment of transport admissions, gives client care to its travelers, report conditions that could endanger the wellbeing of the traveler or different individuals from the general population and keeps in touch with dispatch and reports current position and conditions influencing the activity of the course as required and helps with stacking, making sure about, and emptying wheelchairs and travelers. Before anybody can begin preparing with CTA there are a couple of capabilities they should have. They initially should breeze through a character assessment. The explanation being is to figure out what sort of individual you are and how you would deal with specific circumstances that may emerge while you are working your transport. Before preparing can start all learners must have a secondary school recognition and have fundamental aptitudes, for example, composing, correspondence and perusing. Transport administrators must have the option to speak with its travelers in an expert way and alongside having the option to peruse street signs. Before students begin instructional meetings they should have a spotless driving record and a substantial class B Commercial Driver’s License with an unlimited traveler support. Suggested Training Strategy and Design The preparation will incorporate study hall work, and out and about preparing methods to guarantee that all representatives will be set up for having the option to take a shot at their own. The homeroom meeting will comprise of learning the activity of an open transport which will incorporate acclimation with all wellbeing highlights and its framework. It will likewise incorporate learning traffic rules, guidelines and laws, get familiar with the charge structure, and figure out how to understand plans. Included will likewise be themes, for example, how to give emergency treatment help with the occasion of a mishap; advancing travel rider-transport inside the Municipality and how to keep up a functioning relationship that is proficient with your associates, bosses and travelers. The out and about preparing strategies will comprise of how to work a transport in a sheltered, productive and opportune way to consent to every single administrative prerequisite and all norms. A portion of the strategies that will be found out is the means by which to make a privilege and left turn, how to control the transport and figuring out how to move to another lane. Preparing will likewise incorporate how to work and use standard wellbeing hardware that is introduced in travel traveler vehicles, including; security tackles, restrictions and other gear that is required by state and government guidelines. When this has been built up the learner will collaborate with a transport line teacher to learn different courses and they will likewise perceive how it is to drive in administration with travelers. During this time the transport line teacher will watch the trainee’s driving, gathering pay tolls and furthermore how they are managing travelers that on board the transport. All preparation at CTA comprises of about a month, Mon through Fri 8 hours every day: fourteen days of study hall work, multi week of out and about preparing and multi week of driving with a transport administrator to get familiar with the entirety of the courses. When the learner has finished these a month of preparing they will be required to take a 100 inquiry test on everything that has been learned all through the instructional class. So as to pass the preparation the learner will be required to finish 80% of the assessment. In the event that a student doesn't go at any rate 80% of the test they will have one-on-one preparing with a teacher for multi week on subjects that they are battling with. After broad preparing another test will be given and the student must breeze through this assessment or, in all likelihood they won't be recruited for work with CTA. Direct Cost| Cost/Benefit Analysis| In-house educators (20 days@ $480)| $9,600 | Materials ($40 *20 trainees)| $800 | Compensation for Trainees| | Trainees salaries| $32,000 | Total preparing cost| $42,400 | Cost per trainee| $2,120 | Training Evaluation Plan After the student has breezed through all assessments and has begun chipping away at their own, a teacher will ride with the administrator and watched them to check whether all guidelines are being followed appropriately. Not exclusively will teachers ride with new administrators, they will additionally ride with all administrators at irregular to check whether they are adhering to all guidelines and techniques of the organization. CTA will likewise recruit spotters who will go out and watch administrators to check whether techniques are being taken care of appropriately and if methods are not followed the spotter will report the administrator to CTA authorities. Something else that CTA does to guarantee that preparation is followed viably is that once another transport administrator has begun they will be assessed each month for a year to check whether there have been any infringement or mishaps. What's more CTA will likewise give on-going instruction administrations (recertification class) with the goal that representatives may keep on reviving existing capabilities and acquire new aptitudes. This sort of preparing will be given to all workers like clockwork. A retraining class will likewise be given to an administrator on the off chance that they have been associated with a mishap by which it was their deficiency. This sort of preparing will comprise of what may have been done to stay away from the mishap alongside going over necessa

Relevance Of Hofstedes Model In Current Scenario - Free Essay Example

Hofstedes model is well known as a significant standard to distinguish different cultures in the field of business. With the rise in globalization of businesses, many people are working with, or managing, individuals and groups from cultures other than their own. Due to many criticisms of Hofstedes cultural model, this paper has analysed, to an extent, the effectiveness of Hofstedes model in the current business scenario. The paper has critically evaluated the models five dimensions on the basis of two main aspects i.e. the biasness and the validity with respect to time. Firstly, this paper analyses the impact of subcultures within a national territory and how Hofstedes model ignores that aspect. The report has explained, with the help of examples, how within a country there are different subcultures which impacts peoples personality and behavior. The model can be said outdated since some countries are no more in existence and there are some countries that did not exist at the time of the survey. The number of respondents that were surveyed by Hofstede is also an issue as it wasnt in any particular pattern or balance. Moreover, Hofstede used a single company as a base of his survey for the cultures of the world. The report has put forward criticisms on Hofstedes model and has concluded that his model still might be useful to managers on a very basic level, depending on the purpose of usage, but it may not be of any use at all in the near future. Considering these problems, suggestions have been made on how culture could have been analyzed by Hofstede or how it can be studied for the future. Table of content Executive Summary Table of contents Table of figures 1 Introduction 1 2 HofstedeÂÂ ´s Methodology 2 3 Critical Analysis of HofstedeÂÂ ´s Model 3 3.1 National Culture vs. Sub-culture 3 3.2 Geographical Location 4 3.3 Language and Number of Respondents 6 3.4 Single Entity 7 3.5 Cultural Evolution 8 3.6 Validity of the Surveys 9 4 Conclusion 9 5 Recommendations 11 Appendix 12 Bibliography 16 Table of figures Table 1: Comparison between Australia and Indonesia in HofstedeÂÂ ´s model 4 Table 2: Working days lost in industrial disputes per 1000 employees 8 Relevance of Hofstedes Model in the Current Scenario In the beginning of our assignment, we want the reader to understand implications of cultures along with Hofstedes points and methodology. Following this, we will evaluate critically the arguments made by Hofstede and his research methodology. Finally, we will state our conclusion and some recommendations about future cultural research. Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often disaster. (Hofstede, no date; cited in Itim, 2009, a). 1. Introduction There is no universal definition of culture. According to Hornby (2009), cultures are customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social organization of a particular country and group. From the statement, we understand that there are several things that affect cultures. Culture plays an important role in understanding people traits. People from different regions have different ways of living; this includes business. Therefore, it is important to understand the traits of people from different cultures in order to make business more effective and efficient. A Dutch researcher, Geert Hofstede initially came up with a cultural model in which he continued to develop (Mead and Andrews, 2010). This model was attained by distributing questionnaires to IBM employees in 66 different countries. The survey was conducted in 1967 and 1973; and he came up with four main dimensions (McSweeney, 2002, a). Power Distance It is the extent to which people can accept and expect the unequal distri bution of power. Uncertainty Avoidance It is to measure how people from different countries can endure ambiguity and contingency. Individualism vs. Collectivism It is the degree whether people in a particular country are more likely to be associated with a group or more individualists. Masculinity vs. Femininity It is the classification of people residing in particular country as to whether they are more focused on success or on harmony and peace. But then later on Hofstede came up with a final dimension: Long term orientation vs. Short term orientation Not as commonly used as the earlier dimensions, it considers temporal orientation towards life (Mead and Andrew, 2010). This assignment will now critically evaluate whether Hofstedes model is dated and biased and to what extent it is of use to the contemporary business executives. 2. Hofstedes Methodology Hofstedes cultural model is widely used for cross cultural research by international companies and corporations (Jones, 2007). As mentioned above, Hofstede distributed 117,000 questionnaires to IBM employees from 66 different countries. Initially, the questionnaires were made in English but then due to translation problems, the questionnaires were subsequently translated into local languages. Hofstede involved only one company IBM- which he called HERMESÂÂ ´ as IBM was not comfortable with its identity being made public. The research was done on employees solely from sales and marketing departments of IBM. The reason why Hofstede chose IBM as the single company was because of homogeneous corporate and occupational culture (McSweeney, 2002, a). According to Hofstede IBM has a strong corporate culture and the purpose of his survey was to analyse the traits, characteristics, and behaviors of people from different countries (Hofstede, 2001). He basically relates a selection of so cietal characteristics (for example, GNP, economic growth, latitude of the capital city, population size) to each of the four indices. His main method of use was the stepwise regression. Finally he uses his ecological findings to predict individual behavior (Robinson, 1983). 3. Critical Analysis of Hofstedes Model Many researchers have argued on Hofstedes methodology and findings. In the following paragraphs some examples of criticisms will be evaluated. 3.1 National Culture vs. Sub-culture Hofstede argues that every national population shares common culture despite of acknowledging that it is not the only culture or totality of cultures. Culture is territorially unique (McSweeney, 2002, a). For example: India and China are very vast countries which have many subcultures depending on the geographical locations. Hofstede has taken these countries as a single entity, which means that every Indian and Chinese, regardless of which part of the country they come from, have similar cultures, which is not correct. He also considers Great Britain as a single entity, whilst it is actually comprised of different nations. Does this mean that people from England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have single national culture? Studies have shown that compared to these three countries, Wales has the most diverse population in terms of individuals born outside the country. (Drinkwater and Blackaby, 2004). This influences individuals personal traits. From these points, we can stat e that Hofstede is biased, as he considered the country as a single entity regardless of different regions within the country. To strengthen the above argument, OLeary and Levinson (1991, as cited in Baskerville, 2003) stated that culture cannot be equated with nations. For instance in Africa 98 different cultures exist in 48 countries, whereas Western Europe has 81 identified cultures in 32 countries. In North America, 147 native cultures are recognized. Wildavsky (1989, as cited in Baskerville, 2003) also mentioned that cultures are not countries and there are many different cultures within the same country. 3.2 Geographical Location As a result of globalization and advancement in technology, Hofstedes model is dated. Nowadays, people have become more mobile. Hofstede model fails to identify those people; for example: people who were born in Indonesia but spent most of their lives in Australia. This can be disastrous for international managers as people from Indonesia and Australia have different cultures and behaviors. According to the model, Australians are very individualist, masculine and have low power distance whereas Indonesians are very collectivist, feminine and have high power distance (refer table 1) (Brewster et. al., 2007). Reliance solely on Hofstedes model may misguide international managers in working with personnel of such mobile backgrounds. Table 1: Comparison between Australia and Indonesia in HofstedeÂÂ ´s model (as cited in Jones, 2007) Another example is Hitler who was born in Austria and moved to Germany as an adult. According to Hofstede, Austria has very low power distance and high on uncertainty avoidance (Brewster et. al., 2007). However, Hitler was very dominant person by nature and he believed in the idea of dictatorship (McSweeney, 2002, a). Hitlers personality was contrary to the Austrian culture. Another case where Hofstede has ignored this aspect is that people in Hong Kong and the majority of people in Singapore are Chinese, but Hofstede explains their power distances using different explanations. The higher power distance values for Hong Kong and Singapore are because of the fact that they were a part of the British colony. The British did not practice equality values between themselves and the colonised population (Yeh, 1988). The model is out-dated because it still has Yugoslavia, whereas in present world the country does not exist anymore. The country has been di vided into Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Slovenia, Kosovo, Croatia and Macedonia. Also, the survey was conducted when Germany was still split up into two different countries (Cahill, 2007). Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia have been ignored in Hofstedes cultural research and are still treated as a forecourt of Russia. Many publications consider them as a common block, not only because of their geographical proximity and location but also because they were all a part of Russia when the research was held. A very small number of scholars focus on cultural differences among former Soviet-Union states and/or CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries (Vadi and Meri, 2005 as cited in Huettinger, 2008). Latvia looks westwards to Sweden and Germany, to continue its traditional ties (Manning and Poljeva, 1999 as cited in Huettinger, 2008). Hofstede has noted that the national culture of a particular country is the dominant mental program, which is predominant (Romm and Hsu, 2003 as cit ed in Huettinger, 2008). Several studies have proven that nations are significant cultural institutions on their own (Smith and Peterson, 2005 as cited in Huettinger, 2008). Hofstede also defines culture as, the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes one group or category of people from another (Hofstede and Hofstede, 2005 as cited in Huettinger, 2008). We can clearly see that Hofstedes model is dated regarding this aspect, and perhaps even biased, as he considers them as one culture whereas he might not have had anyone from Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia in his studies. The Chinese are very proud and loyal people. Their loyalties lie with their families and less so to non-family organizations. The Japanese, however, do not have any problems with shifting their loyalties from their family to their work place. Thus, even though both Chinese and Japanese have low individualism, the systems are very different. From a societal or the firms perspective, the Chinese are very individualistic. Which are in contrast to Hofstedes findings for Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, where the majority of people living are also originally Chinese (Chen and Chieu, 1984 as cited in Yeh, 1988). Furthermore, even the meaning of the word household is quite different between Japan and China. Chinese people face problems when they have to show their loyalties to the company and their family at the same time, whereas this conflict does not exist in Japan. Hofstedes argument is that Mao Zedongs anti-individualistic or pro-collectivistic ethos is evidence of the deeply rooted Chinese tradition. This on the contrary was one of the reasons why MaoÂÂ ´s Cultural Revolution failed. The tradition of the family coming first is deeply rooted in the Chinese society (Yeh, 1988), where Hofstedes studies have not considered the Chinese majority countries having any ties with china. 3.3 Language and Number of Respondents Initially, there were problems in understanding the questionnaires as it was written in English. However, later the questionnaires were translated into the relevant local languages and redistributed, again to the same employees of the HERMES company to conduct the survey again. Differences in translation of language can be minimized but not completely eliminated, as some words cannot have the exact same meanings in the local language. For example: the word achievement is difficult to be translated, and was therefore avoided (Hofstede, 2001). He used 362 managers with different backgrounds from 30 different countries to respond to the questionnaires. Whilst the managers received and answered the questionnaires in their own native languages so as to avoid mistranslation in interpreting the data. The result was similar to the result of questionnaires written in English (Hofstede, 2001, 2002). However, the number of respondents representing a country is small. . The use of questionn aires had also been doubted. Hofstede used 117,000 questionnaires for 66 countries. A large number of respondents itself does not guarantee the validity of the result, as the average number of respondents he obtained per country is not statistically significant so as to be reflective of a whole country. Out of 66 countries only six countries have respondents more than 1000; others were less than 200. This numbers are too small to represent a country (McSweeney, 2002, a). According to McSweeney (2002, a), the survey covered 66 countries but Hofstede only used data obtained from 40 countries. But if we look at Hofstedes model, he has used 53 countries in the table (Brewster et. al., 2007). Therefore, should the data for the 13 countries mentioned in the model be questioned? 3.4 Single Entity The survey was conducted on a single company, IBM; and the data which he used for his analysis was based on responses from marketing plus sales executives. Hofstede argued that it was deliberate. Hofstede believes that by this, he will get data from people who has homogeneous corporate and occupational culture; therefore, the difference he gets was due to national culture. Based on Hofstedes argument, we can say that every German machinist has the same occupational culture with every Greek machinist; which might not be true. Hofstede also has ignored dissenting, multiple, and emergent cultures in organization which are plausible to occur due to local circumstances. The survey should have involved people with different backgrounds and different companies; as IBM only deals with the service industry. For example: tennis clubs, political parties, students, manufacturing companies should be considered. This is also pointed out by Tan and Chee (2005) as people are exposed to different h eritages, customs, religions and traditions which are deeply embedded within them (as cited in Huettinger, 2008). Hofstede did not differentiate these diverse groups. 3.5 Cultural Evolution Ten years after his first publication, Hofstede agreed that there are considerable differences in culture among different units within the same organization (as cited in McSweeney, 2002, a). This means that over the years, cultures evolve and there are differences in occupational culture within a company and its subsidiaries. Thus, Hofstedes research was biased, as only those from the marketing and sales department were surveyed. Table 2: Working days lost in industrial disputes per 1000 employees (annual averages) (McSweeney, 2002, b) The table shows that masculine countries have become more feminine and vice versa. The world is now converging due to globalization; individualism and collectivism orientation can co-exist in every individual depending on the situation. The situations will influence the orientation, for example: importance of the matter, urgency, etc. (Browaeys and Price, 2008). We can say that Hofstede model is outdated, as cultures do change over the years. Hofstedes model uses a quantitative method which, among other things, is characterized by its carefully selected sample consisting of a group of well-educated white middle class men working for the same company and sharing identical or similar occupations. The problem with this sample as a norm for national culture is that it misleads one to believe that Hofstede perceives of culture as equally-distributed among men and women. However, as has dedicated one of his five dimensions to gender and constructed his model on a bipolar distinction between masculinity and femininity, this is clearly not the case. On the contrary, his masculinity/femininity dimension (MAS) shows that he has a very clear and distinct understanding of the differences between masculinity and femininity, which he takes advantage of for his construction of national cultures. Hofstede argues that men, as a general rule, will be more achievement-oriented and women more care-oriented. Hofstedes assumption raises several questions; for example, for what reason(s) were women excluded from his survey and his construction of culture (Moulettes, 2007)? 3.6 Validity of the Surveys The validity of the surveys can be questioned. Hofstede used questionnaires as his methods of survey and sent them to different countries. Hofstede cannot guarantee that the person who filled the questionnaires is actually his target respondents. For example, the target respondents might be busy or reluctant to fill the questionnaires and may instead delegate the task to their subordinates. Questionnaires were also mainly about the workplace and therefore, cannot be related to define a national culture (McSweeney, 2002, a). There are many factors that may have affected the respondents and the way they complete the questionnaires which have not been taken into consideration. Also, that the respondents had not been told about the purpose of the questionnaire and hence they might not have been able to fill the questionnaire with the seriousness or the attitude required or expected and assumed by Hofstede. 4. Conclusion This paper has provided a critical evaluation of Geerts Hofstedes ground-breaking work on cross-cultural differences. In the field of international business, cross-cultural conflict can result in includes international business activities, business management failure and stalled business negotiations. Understanding diverse cultural values is an essential success factors in international business activities. Cultural values and differences are a pivotal issue in international business for all stakeholders. Influenced by politics, society economics and technology, cultural values are constantly evolving, and therefore it is logical that cultural theories should be updated and re-evaluated over time. Now to conclude and come up with an answer to HofstedeÂÂ ´s model is dated and biased and, as such, is of no use to the contemporary international business executive. How far do you agree? We cannot say that Hofstedes model is completely ineffective as we cannot quantify the matte r. Nevertheless, he should be appreciated for his contribution work in this field. HofstedeÂÂ ´s model might be valid in past decades when the world was less globalized. International business executives may use the model to investigate cultural differences and how different cultures impact on international business. Hofstedes research results represent a reasonable starting point, however it is outdated and biased for the current international business scenario. As such, we should utilize the model with caution, since these results are not very accurate. International managers should not fully depend on the model for the simple reason that Hofstede uses a mere generalization, and huge multinationals cannot go into a market just on the basis of a simplification. He also claimed that his research on IBMÂÂ ´s employees can be used as a benchmark for all kinds of people around the world, without considering other companies, societal clubs, etc.. Moreover, he thinks that his proposal is still up to date due to the fact that he did not work on it if even countries later separated. The world today is now converging to have a global culture. In the near future, Hofstedes model may be of no use at all. In conclusion, HofstedeÂÂ ´s cultural model is dated and biased. 5. Recommendations Study of culture should not be based on national territory but it should be on regions. As we discussed there are many sub-cultures within a national culture. As the world is globalizing rapidly, it is essential to have a cultural model that is constantly updated to reflect these changes caused by globalization. The survey should also involve people from diverse range of social and employment classes so as to be more representative of a culture. China, an emerging economic super power, has not been considered by HofstedeÂÂ ´s five dimensions. Therefore we would recommend that the Chinese market needs to be considered in future research more thoroughly. Appendix 1 HofstedeÂÂ ´s: Individualism vs. Collectivism (as cited in Brewster et. al., 2007) Appendix 2 HofstedeÂÂ ´s: Power Distance (as cited in Brewster et. al., 2007) Appendix 3 HofstedeÂÂ ´s: Uncertainty Avoidance (as cited in Brewster et. al., 2007) Appendix 4 HofstedeÂÂ ´s: Masculinity vs. Femininity (as cited in Brewster et. al., 2007)

Writing Assignment Paper About Time Value of Money - 275 Words

Writing Assignment Paper About Time Value of Money (Essay Sample) Content: Time Value of MoneyStudents NameInstitutional Affiliation:Part 1 * In the determination of the present value of the liability which is supposed to be 2 million in 10 years, we use present value interest factor (PVIF) at a discount rate of 5% for ten years.PVIFA=(1+r)nPVIFA=(1+0.05)10Present Value of Annuity =Future Value / PVIFA= 2,000,000/1.628894627= $ 1,227,826.51 * When money is payable at the end of each year, it is called ordinary annuity. As time goes, interest is earned on savings already made from year to year. Thus, the first amount saved will earn interest for nine years while the next will earn it for the next eight years. It implies that the last amount saved will not earn any interest because money is saved at the end of each year. According to Xingyun (2015), the future streams of savings that need to be made at the end of each period is obtained as follows:P= r(PV)1-(1+r)-nWhere P= amount of each payment of annuity, PV= present value of annuity, r= int erest rate, and n= the number of periodsP= 0.05(1,227,826.51)1-(1+0.05)-10P= $ 159,009.15Part 2Time value of money is widely used in the commercial or financial sector. A good example is in a mortgage. Payments towards the same are made in such a way that at the end of a specified time limit, a certain amount of money should have been paid in exchange of a facility, usually a house, which best fits annuity payment.In this regard, the specific business decision that the organization made is the strategic decision. These include making choices on the matters that directly touch on the survival of the institution. For instance, they decided to make periodic savings to pay off the liability that the business would face in ten years' time. By knowing that they required two million dollars at the end of one decade, it was not just a matter of setting aside contributing two hundred million annually, but instead, an amount that would earn interest and give th...